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Description: Subnetting Process Understanding the Subnetting Process Subnetting is a fundamental concept in networking that involves dividing a larger network into smaller, more manageable sub-networks, or subnets. This process is crucial for efficient IP address management and improving network performance and security. Here’s a step-by-step guide to the subnetting process: 1. Determine Network Requirements Identify the number of subnets needed and the number of hosts required per subnet. This will help in deciding the appropriate subnet mask. 2. Understand IP Address Classes Understand the different classes of IP addresses (A, B, and C) to know the default subnet masks and the range of available addresses. Each class has a different range of IP addresses and default subnet mask: Class A: 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 (Default subnet mask: 255.0.0.0) Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 (Default subnet mask: 255.255.0.0) Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 (Default subnet mask: 255.255.255.0) 3. Calculate the Required Subnets and Hosts Use the formulae to calculate the number of subnets and hosts: Number of Subnets: 2^n (where n is the number of bits borrowed from the host portion) Number of Hosts per Subnet: 2^(number of host bits) — 2 (subtracting 2 accounts for the network and broadcast addresses) 4. Determine the New Subnet Mask Adjust the subnet mask by adding bits to the default mask. For example, if you need 4 subnets, you’ll need 2 additional bits (2² = 4) in the subnet mask. For a Class C network (default mask 255.255.255.0), the new mask would be 255.255.255.192 (11000000 in binary for the last octet). 5. Calculate the Subnet Addresses Identify the subnet addresses by incrementing the subnet bits. For example, with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192 (Class C), the subnets would be: Subnet 0: 192.168.1.0 Subnet 1: 192.168.1.64 Subnet 2: 192.168.1.128 Subnet 3: 192.168.1.192 6. Assign IP Addresses Assign IP addresses within each subnet, ensuring that the first address (network address) and the last address (broadcast address) in each subnet are reserved and not assigned to hosts. Example Subnetting Calculation Consider a Class C IP address: 192.168.1.0/24. To create 4 subnets: Borrow 2 bits: 2² = 4 subnets New subnet mask: 255.255.255.192 (or /26) Subnets: 192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.64, 192.168.1.128, 192.168.1.192 Hosts per subnet: 2^(32–26) — 2 = 62 hosts Each subnet will have 62 usable IP addresses, accommodating the specified number of subnets and hosts. Benefits of Subnetting Efficient IP Address Management: Reduces wastage of IP addresses. Improved Network Performance: Reduces broadcast traffic. Enhanced Security: Isolates network segments. Understanding and implementing the subnetting process allows network administrators to optimize and secure their networks effectively. For detailed examples and practice problems, numerous online resources and networking textbooks are available to further hone subnetting skills. By mastering the subnetting process, administrators can efficiently manage IP address allocation, enhance network performance, and improve overall security.

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